Carbon dioxide membrane separation for carbon capture. An analysis of their real efficiencies and productivity vis. Understand the hazards, control the risks page 5 of 32 health and safety executive how fuel cells work 5 a fuel cell is a device for harnessing the energy liberated when hydrogen, or a hydrogenrich fuel, reacts with oxygen to produce water. Us5929286a method for making hydrogen rich gas from. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells. It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the apollo space program. The fuel for the fuel cell system will vary with different applications. Brunello, jeffrey fuller, seung soon jang georgia tech. Any type of fuel cell could be used in a regenerative system, and the water electrolysis could be powered with wind, solar or hydro energy, resulting in a truly clean power system. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell.
Decomposition of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon. Direct methanol fuel cells dmfcs, however, are powered by pure methanol, which is usually mixed with water and fed directly to the fuel cell anode. Interestingly enough, hydrogen doesnt actually occur naturally on our planet as a gas. Pdf hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells. Hydrocarbon fuels an overview sciencedirect topics. By joining a number of cells in series and parallel can provide any reasonable voltage and current. In this article, we describe the reforming process. New hydrocarbon fuel cells with high efficiency and low. Ogden stated that practical fuel cells2 are up to 60% fig. Fuel cells are being developed as a powering method which may be able to provide clean and efficient energy conversion from chemicals to work. Carbon dioxide membrane separation for carbon capture using direct fuelcell systems. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. The cell and auxiliary electrical equipment were essentially the same as those used for the methanol oxygen fuel cell 2. In the hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen react to form water as a byproduct.
Fuel cells combine a fuel usual hydrogen in some form with an oxidizing agent usually oxygen. New hydrocarbon fuel cells with high efficiency and low cost. Oxygenated fuels contain these bonds already for example, alcohols and carboxylic acids. Direct hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cells request pdf. The power plants are fuelled by hydrogen and oxygen from cryogenic tanks and provide both electrical power and drinking water. Request pdf direct hydrocarbon solid oxide fuel cells solid oxide. The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a. Speci cations for polymer electrolyte fuel cells in road vehicles report to the safety, codes and. Hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells sciencedirect. Fuel cells offer a unique combination of high efficiency and ultralow emissions for converting hydrocarbon fuels into electricity.
A lowoperatingtemperature solid oxide fuel cell in. A solid oxide electrolyser cell soec is a solid oxide fuel cell set in regenerative mode for the electrolysis of water with a solid oxide, or ceramic, electrolyte to produce oxygen and hydrogen gas. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. The fuel cell promises to deliver clean and efficient power by combining hydrogen and oxygen in a simple electrochemical device that directly converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Introduction 1 i the hydrogen oxygen fuel cell is presently an essential part of the electrical power system in space vehicles having missions of longer duration than one or two days. Fuel cell, hydrogenoxygen fuel cell, hydrocarbonoxygen.
In certain niche markets, the fuel could be ethanol, butane, or biomassderived materials. An investigation of direct hydrocarbon propane fuel cell. Fuel cells understand the hazards, control the risks. A fuel processor is required to convert commercially available hydrocarbon fuels pipeline natural gas png, liquefied petroleum gas lpg, compressed natural gas cng, biogas and others into syn gas h 2, co, co 2 and h 2o used as fuel in sofc. On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics. Hydrogen is the simplest element because it consists of a single electron and proton. A schema for a typical fuel cell wherein the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane pem and. Micro fuel cell cwru case western reserve university researchers have miniaturized this process through the use of micro fabrication technology, which is used to print multiple layers of fuel cell components onto a substrate. Electrochemical reaction which occur in hydrogenoxygen fuel cell and hydrocarbonoxygen fuel is also explained.
This research task is divided into several subtasks to address fundamental material research needs in the areas of hydrocarbon pem development. That means it is also the most plentiful element that we know of in the universe today. In a carbon monoxideoxygen system fuel cell provided with a diaphragm between an anode and a cathode to separate the two electrodes, an improvement which comprises using a solution containing at least a monovalent copper and a halide as a complexing. The characteristics of direct hydrocarbon fuel cells dhfcs are different than.
Inks were created to replicate the components of the fuel cell. Direct hydrocarbon fuel cell netl department of energy. The performance of a singlechamber solid oxide fuel cell was studied using a ceriabased solid electrolyte at temperatures below 773 kelvin. The electrodereaction resistance was negligibly small in the. In transportation, it may be methanol, gasoline, or diesel. Fuel cells operate at higher efficiencies 60% and with lower emissions compared to combustion engines. Solid oxide fuel cell in hydrocarbon air mixtures takashi hibino,1 atsuko hashimoto,1 takao inoue,2 junichi tokuno,2 shinichiro yoshida,2 mitsuru sano2 the performance of a singlechamber solid oxide fuel cell was studied using a ceriabased solid electrolyte at temperatures below 773. Oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels for solid oxide fuel cells. The ions migrate through the electrolyte to the anodeor fuel electrodewhere they react with hydrogen which is formed from a hydrocarbon fuel like natural gas or biogas to produce water, co. Hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells request pdf. Hydrocarbon fuel cell membranes containing perfluorosulfonic acid group contact. The alkaline fuel cell or hydrogen oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by francis thomas bacon in 1959. In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells.
High cost is an issue that affects each type of fuel cell. Micro fuel cell ppm two ranges with auto ranging capability field configurable. These research areas include pem development, addressing the catalystmembrane. Most fuel cells are powered by hydrogen, which can be fed to the fuel cell system directly or can be generated within the fuel cell system by reforming hydrogenrich fuels such as methanol, ethanol, and hydrocarbon fuels. If the fuel cell is fed with hydrogen produced through electrolysis of water driven by renewable energy, then the fuel cell system eliminates greenhouse gases over the whole cycle. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel often. In stationary systems, it is likely to be natural gas, but it could also be propane. Hydrogen properties objectives at the completion of this module, the technician will understand. Fces direct fuelcell is based on the carbonate fuel cell technology, where dfc. Soecs can also be used to do electrolysis of co 2 to produce co and oxygen or even coelectrolysis of water and co 2 to produce syngas and oxygen. Doped ceo2lafeo3 composite oxide as an active anode for. Electrical current is produced when electrons are freed during the process, which.
A perspective of thermodynamic and production efficiencies introduction. Normally, when hydrogen and oxygen react, a flame and heat energy are produced. Each fuel cell is capable of supplying 12 kilowatts continuously, and up to 16 kilowatts for short periods. John preece oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels for solid oxide fuel cells oxygenated hydrocarbon fuels for solid oxide fuel cells by john christopher preece a thesis submitted to. This implies that direct hydrocarbon fuel cells have a much greater room for improvement than hydrogen fuel cells.
Hydrogen for use in fuel cells is typically generated in a fuel processor from available fuels cnhmop by means of the reforming reaction. At present, a conversion efficiency of about 26% may be achieved by an internal combustion engine and about 30% in a chp system using traditional power generation techniques. The fuel cells are 5 mm3 and generate up to 100 mwatts. Fuel cells can power almost any portable devices that normally use. Fuel cells for use in space missions must be very re liable and steady performers, and should be able to obtain a maximum of power per unit weight of fuel. As can be seen, direct hydrocarbon fuel cells have a theoretical efficiency of 95% and an actual efficiency of 32% whereas hydrogen fuel cells have a theoretical efficiency of 83% and an actual efficiency of 32%. Tatsumi ishihara, jing xie, tae ho shin, youngwan ju, shintaro ida, john a. Pdf decomposition of hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon. The determination of total hydrocarbons on a c1 basis is an analytical technique where all of the hydrocarbons are assumed to have the same response as methane. Solid oxide fuel cells offer high performance, but issues such as slow startup and interfacial thermal conductivity mismatches must be addressed. Astm d7675 15 standard test method for determination of. Second, many aspects as to how this system can be integrated into future energy systems are introduced, such as working alongside renewable electricity production to store electrical. The hydrogen economy is fast approaching as petroleum reserves are rapidly consumed.
729 503 478 26 1193 630 251 1091 1448 264 466 843 906 1084 1528 1007 1274 1275 1420 216 263 659 293 423 95 205 801 730 92 423